Die grootste ontbering was om sonder kinders te wees.
Pynlike leesstof. In vandag se NYT.
CAPE TOWN, South Africa — As Ahmed Kathrada led
President Obama and his family recently through the prison on Robben Island
where Mr. Kathrada had spent much of his life, he explained how the rules of
apartheid had granted him, because of his Indian ancestry, long pants and socks.
One of his fellow inmates, Nelson Mandela, as a black man, received short pants
and no socks.
Mr. Kathrada, 83, also showed the Obamas the sign
listing the different amounts of sugar, coffee, soup and other foods that South
Africa’s prison system had apportioned to blacks; mixed-race inmates, who were
known as coloreds; Indians; and whites.
“In everything there was apartheid,” he said in
an interview on Thursday in his small apartment here in the shadow of Table
Mountain.
Mr. Kathrada said Mr. Obama’s reaction to the
tour last weekend, and to one he gave him in 2006 when Mr. Obama was a senator,
was as full of outrage as the typical visitor’s. But he said he especially
remembers how Mr. Obama’s daughters, Malia, who was about to turn 15, and
Sasha, who was 12, responded.
“Malia was much more involved. She asked a lot of
questions, but Sasha didn’t. I think she was quite shaken. She just stuck to
her mother,” said Mr. Kathrada, who gave 18 tours last year and eight so far
this year.
For nearly 20 years, Mr. Kathrada, an African
National Congress activist who later served in the Mandela administration, has
led heads of state and global celebrities through Mr. Mandela’s steps on Robben
Island. In 1994, five years after Mr. Kathrada’s release, Mr. Mandela asked him
to take on the role of a guide, given the number of people who wanted to visit
the prison site. Margaret Thatcher (“She called us terrorists,” he said). Fidel
Castro (“My hero.”). Jane Fonda. Beyoncé. Mr. Obama twice.
He recalled the absence of children as “the
greatest deprivation” of his years in jail. He has no children of his own. But
when asked if his decades in the struggle against apartheid had cost him his
chance, Mr. Kathrada insisted they had not.
“I have no regrets,” said Mr. Kathrada, who lives
with his partner, Barbara Hogan, a white former political prisoner who served
as a minister during Mr. Mandela’s presidency.
He runs a foundation in his name dedicated to
fighting racism.
Sacrifice, often unacknowledged — even by
activists themselves, even now — is typical of Mr. Kathrada’s generation of
anti-apartheid leaders. The living example that the leaders of the movement
provided has come again to the fore in the weeks Mr. Mandela has been clinging
to his life in a Pretoria hospital.
On Friday, the presidential spokesman, Mac Maharaj,
himself a former Robben Island inmate, denied a report that Mr. Mandela was in a
“permanent vegetative state,” saying the anti-apartheid leader and former
president remained in critical but stable condition. The Thursday report by the
Agence France-Presse news service pointed to court papers filed June 26 in a dispute among
Mandela family members over the burial location of three of the Mandela
children.
During the sometimes rocky transition to
democracy, many South Africans drew faith from the former Robben Island
prisoners’ dedication to their cause, even against the longest odds, and their
eventual triumph.
If, for all those years, the thinking went, they
could have faith in a new South Africa, then surely South Africans who endured
far less could do so today.
Before Mr. Kathrada and his co-defendants were
sentenced to a life of hard labor in 1964, they were certain the apartheid
state would execute them, Mr. Kathrada recalled Thursday as the setting sun
painted Table Mountain ocher, white and rust. In the end, the government did
not want to create martyrs to the cause. “The Afrikaners knew from their own
history how martyrs could be exploited,” he explained.
On his guided tours, Mr. Kathrada also points out
a sign of hope in the form of a concrete block with the words “A.N.C. is sure
of victory. 1967.”
“The 1960s were the worst period, inside and
outside of jail,” he said, “and the optimism never left us. We knew we were
going to win.”
Family, even absent family, was at the center of
the prisoners’ experience. Though Mr. Kathrada quit school after he joined his
first protest at the age of 17, he completed four university degrees on Robben
Island. He could do so only because his family had the money to pay tuition.
Mr. Kathrada was 34 when he, Mr. Mandela and six
other anti-apartheid leaders were sentenced to a life of hard labor in the
quarry of Robben Island, apartheid’s most infamous island prison. They would
spend 18 years there, followed by nearly a decade in Pollsmoor prison, in the
Cape Town suburb of Tokai.
Mr. Mandela and the inmates with wives and
children endured a particular pain, Mr. Kathrada said. “Their families suffered
much more than others. They were detained, they were banished, they were
exiled. But they never allowed that to get preference over their
responsibilities toward their fellow prisoners.”
WHEN one of Mr. Mandela’s nephews, who was the
head of one of the apartheid government’s black homelands, wanted to visit him,
Mr. Mandela put it to a vote of comrades.
The nephew had buried Mr. Mandela’s mother and
one of his children — the remains of whom were the subject of this week’s court
case involving the Mandela family.
The other prisoners voted against the visit, and
Mr. Mandela wrote to his nephew, saying he could not come.
But Mr. Kathrada said the prisoners of Robben
Island — who included Jacob Zuma, the current president — had it better than
their comrades on the outside.
“No policeman could come to Robben Island and
start shooting at us,” he said. “In the Soweto uprising of 1976, we are told,
600 kids were killed. Others, people we knew closely, tortured to death, shot,
assassinated. We were safe.”
He said the prisoners were also sustained by the
example of their leaders. “The work at the quarry with pick and shovels, they
were there with us. Hunger strikes, they were there with us. Madiba was offered
the same food as we were getting, the clothing,” he said, using the clan name
by which Mr. Mandela is widely known. He referred to the better clothes and
rations offered to mixed-race and Indian inmates.
“He refused,” Mr. Kathrada said. “He said, ‘I
will accept it when everybody gets it.’ ”
For all its historic triumph, Mr. Kathrada said,
the A.N.C. faces a much more varied set of problems today than it did when the
apartheid system was its sole focus.
“Our challenge is poverty, hunger, unemployment
disease, children without schools, street children who haven’t got homes, AIDS
orphans, thousands and thousands of them,” he said.
“So perhaps the challenges now are greater than
smashing apartheid.”
